Emerging Technologies / Quantum computing

Quantum computing is a field that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems. Unlike classical computers, which use binary bits (0s and 1s), quantum computers use qubits that can exist in multiple states simultaneously (superposition) and can be entangled, allowing for parallel processing and more efficient computation of certain tasks[1][2][4].

Quantum computing has potential breakthroughs in medicine, cybersecurity, materials science, and chemistry. It can efficiently run optimization algorithms, simulate complex quantum systems, and potentially break certain encryption methods, leading to the development of quantum-resistant encryption[2][5].

Quantum AI leverages quantum computing principles such as superposition and entanglement to speed up workflows, optimize processes, and reduce energy consumption. It can enhance pre-training optimization and model accuracy, solve larger and more complex problems faster, and enable more efficient model training compared to classical AI approaches.

Quantum computing can accelerate classification tasks for large datasets using quantum support vector machines, explore high-dimensional datasets with algorithms like K-means clustering, reduce dimensionality to improve feature selection, and generate more realistic data for generative models. These capabilities allow for faster, more precise, and more complex data processing than classical methods.

Quantum computing uses quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to superposition and can be entangled with each other. This allows quantum computers to process an exponential number of possibilities at once, unlike classical bits that are either 0 or 1. This capability enables quantum computing to solve complex optimization and processing problems much faster, which is particularly beneficial for embedded systems with limited power and computational resources.

Quantum computing can enhance embedded systems by enabling advanced optimization algorithms like Quantum Simulated Annealing and Quantum Machine Learning, which optimize resource utilization, memory management, and real-time monitoring. Additionally, quantum error correction techniques improve the reliability and stability of quantum computations within embedded devices. These improvements lead to more efficient, smaller, and lower-power embedded processors, which are crucial for industries such as automotive and healthcare.

Quantum supremacy refers to the point at which a quantum computer can perform a calculation that is beyond the capabilities of a classical computer within a reasonable time frame. This milestone is significant because it demonstrates the potential power of quantum computing to solve complex problems more efficiently than traditional computers[4][5].

Quantum computing differs from classical computing primarily through its use of qubits, which can exist in a superposition of states (both 0 and 1 simultaneously) and exhibit entanglement. This allows quantum computers to process certain types of information much faster than classical computers, which rely on deterministic bits (0 or 1)[1][4].

Quantum computing is a field that uses quantum mechanics to solve complex problems faster than classical computers. Unlike classical computers, which use bits that can only be 0 or 1, quantum computers use qubits that can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to superposition and entanglement. This allows quantum computers to process vast amounts of information in parallel, making them potentially more powerful for certain tasks.

Quantum computing presents both significant opportunities and challenges. Opportunities include solving complex problems in fields like optimization and simulation, which could revolutionize industries such as finance and chemistry. However, challenges include scalability, fault tolerance, and the need for practical applications that surpass classical computing capabilities. Additionally, there are concerns about quantum threats to current encryption methods.

Quantum computing enhances drug discovery by simulating the behavior of molecules at a quantum level, allowing researchers to predict how drugs will interact with biological systems more accurately and efficiently than classical computers. This can lead to faster development of new drugs and more effective treatments.

Quantum computing poses both challenges and opportunities for network security. It can potentially break certain encryption methods, such as RSA, but it also enables the development of quantum-resistant encryption algorithms. This means quantum computers can both threaten current security systems and help create more secure ones.

Quantum computing faces several challenges, including high error rates, low qubit counts, and the need for significant advancements in hardware and software to achieve fault-tolerant systems. Additionally, there is a need for better communication and education to address misconceptions and align technological development with business readiness (Ashford-Brown, 2025; Ponsford, 2025)[1].

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize industries such as healthcare, logistics, and finance by solving complex problems that are currently intractable for classical computers. Applications include drug discovery, optimization of logistics and supply chains, and advanced cryptography for secure communication (PwC, 2025; TechUK, 2023)[3][5].

The main challenge in quantum error correction is identifying and correcting errors without introducing additional errors, especially as the number of qubits increases. This requires sophisticated methods like surface codes or color codes, which use redundancy to encode information across multiple physical qubits.

Quantum error correction enables large-scale quantum computing by ensuring that computations remain reliable despite errors. This is achieved by using techniques like surface codes or color codes, which spread information across multiple qubits, allowing errors to be detected and corrected. Achieving low logical error rates is crucial for practical applications.

Quantum cloud computing integrates quantum computing principles with cloud technology, allowing users to access quantum computing resources remotely without needing in-house quantum hardware. Unlike traditional cloud computing, which provides services like data storage and networking, quantum cloud computing leverages quantum mechanics to solve complex problems at higher speeds.

Quantum cloud computing makes quantum computing more accessible by providing a cost-effective and scalable way for users to access quantum processors without the need for expensive hardware. It offers a pay-as-you-go model, allowing businesses and researchers to pay only for the resources they use, and provides global access through user-friendly interfaces.

Quantum computing is a field that uses quantum mechanics to solve complex problems faster than classical computers. Unlike classical computers, which use bits that can only be 0 or 1, quantum computers use qubits that can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing for parallel processing and exponential scaling of computing power.

Quantum computing poses significant security risks, particularly in breaking certain encryption methods like RSA. This has led to the development of quantum-resistant encryption algorithms to protect data from potential quantum attacks.

No, quantum computers are not expected to replace classical computers for everyday tasks. Instead, they will complement classical computing by solving complex problems that are currently impractical or impossible for classical systems. Classical computers will continue to be used for tasks where they are sufficient and efficient.

Quantum computers use qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously (superposition), allowing them to perform many calculations at once. In contrast, classical computers use bits that can only be 0 or 1, processing information sequentially. This difference enables quantum computers to solve certain complex problems much faster than classical computers.

Quantum computing is a field that uses quantum mechanics to solve complex problems faster than classical computers. Unlike classical computers, which use bits that can only be 0 or 1, quantum computers use qubits that can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing for parallel processing and exponential scaling in computational power.

Quantum computing can transform healthcare by enabling faster simulations of complex biological systems, optimizing drug discovery, and improving machine learning models for medical diagnostics. Its ability to process vast amounts of data quickly can lead to breakthroughs in personalized medicine and disease research.

Quantum computing's non-deterministic nature introduces challenges in software testing due to the inherent unpredictability of quantum computations. However, this can be managed by leveraging innovative tools and strategies that adapt to these unique conditions, enhancing overall software security and robustness.

Quantum computing can significantly enhance software security by enabling the development of quantum-resistant algorithms and secure communication methods like Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). These advancements will be crucial in safeguarding data against quantum-based threats, ensuring robust and secure applications in the quantum era.

Quantum computers can significantly reduce the time required to crack passwords through algorithms like Grover's, which allows for faster brute-force attacks. This poses a threat to traditional password protection mechanisms, especially those relying on simple or weak passwords.

To protect passwords from quantum threats, strategies include shifting to multi-factor authentication (MFA) or passwordless authentication, employing quantum-resistant hashing algorithms, and regularly updating encryption policies. Additionally, using strong, complex passwords and maintaining robust security measures like two-factor authentication can enhance protection.

Not all encryption methods are equally vulnerable to quantum attacks. Asymmetric encryption methods like RSA are more at risk due to algorithms like Shor's, which can factor large numbers efficiently. However, symmetric encryption methods, such as AES, are less threatened and can be secured further by increasing key sizes.